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Data
Data

Raw information collected from our actions, devices, and environments. AI systems critically depend on massive amounts of data to function. But how data is collected, selected, and used is never neutral — it reflects power relations and can reinforce bias and inequality.

Bibliography
  • Boyd, D. & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical Questions for Big Data : Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662‑679. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
  • Kitchin, R., & Lauriault, T. (2014). Towards Critical Data Studies : Charting and Unpacking Data Assemblages and Their Work (SSRN Scholarly Paper 2474112). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2474112

Algorithmic Bias →