← Data Annotation
Hardware Manufacturing
AI requires physical infrastructure -microchips, servers, and sensors - produced in complex and opaque global supply chains, often relying on exploited labor and environmentally harmful mining.
Bibliography
- Valdivia, A. (2024). The supply chain capitalism of AI: a call to (re)think algorithmic harms and resistance through environmental lens. Information, Communication & Society, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2420021
- Nayar, J. (2021). Not so “green” technology: the complicated legacy of rare earth mining. Harvard International Review, 12.
- Crawford, K., & Joler, V. (2018, September). Anatomy of an AI System.
Ghost Workers →